Hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia: pitfalls in testing

The epidemiology of intensive care unit-acquired hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia in medical-surgical intensive care units

INTRODUCTION Although sodium disturbances are common in hospitalised patients, few studies have specifically investigated the epidemiology of sodium disturbances in the intensive care unit (ICU). The objectives of this study were to describe the incidence of ICU-acquired hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia and assess their effects on outcome in the ICU. METHODS We identified 8142 consecutive adu...

Clinical review: Practical approach to hyponatraemia and hypernatraemia in critically ill patients

Disturbances in sodium concentration are common in the critically ill patient and associated with increased mortality. The key principle in treatment and prevention is that plasma [Na+] (P-[Na+]) is determined by external water and cation balances. P-[Na+] determines plasma tonicity. An important exception is hyperglycaemia, where P-[Na+] may be reduced despite plasma hypertonicity. The patient...

Hypernatraemia in hospital populations.

GUI Testing: Pitfalls and Process

G raphical user interfaces have become a nearly ubiquitous means of interacting with software systems. The GUI responds to user events, such as mouse movements or menu selections , providing a front end to the underlying application code. The GUI interacts with the underlying code through messages or method calls. GUIs make software easy to use, and developers are dedicating a larger portion of...

Pitfalls and Strategies in Automated Testing